Low temperature environment will reduce the activity of lithium-ion battery packs, which is temporary and will not damage the battery capacity. But if the battery operates and charges/discharges in a low-temperature environment for a long time, it will cause permanent damage to the battery capacity.
A definite and unacceptable hazard of low-temperature charging of lithium-ion battery packs is the deposition of lithium elements, which can damage their cycling life and increase the risk of thermal runaway. And low-temperature discharge, apart from a temporary decrease in discharge capacity (which is believed to rebound after the temperature rises), has no other clear hazards.
Temperature has a significant impact on the cyclic aging rate of lithium-ion battery packs. Lower temperature, reduced cycle life due to enhanced lithium elemental plating; Excessive temperature, due to the aging reaction driven by Arrhenius, shortens battery life; Therefore, lithium-ion battery packs can only achieve optimal cycle life at appropriate temperatures.
However, if the battery operates and charges/discharges in a low-temperature environment for a long time, metallic lithium will precipitate on the anode surface of the battery, which is irreversible and can cause permanent damage to the capacity of the lithium-ion battery pack.